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Sodium chloride

Production and use
Salt is currently mass-produced by the evaporation of sea water or salt water from other sources, such as salt wells and salt lakes, and the extraction of rock salt, called halite. In 2002, world production was estimated at 210 million metric tons, the five major producers (million tons) is the United States (40.3), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5) and Canadian (12.3).
salt, and applications in the family kitchen salt is used in many applications from pulp and paper manufacturing, the establishment of the dyes in textiles and tissues to produce soaps and detergents, bath products. It is the main source of chlorine and sodium hydroxide, industrial, and is used in almost all industries.
Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe drying, since it seems to have hygroscopic properties, salty an effective method of food preservation historically because it draws water from bacteria through osmotic pressure and prevent the recurrence of causing food spoilage. Although most effective desiccant available few are safe for humans to swallow.
Israel and Jordan salt evaporation ponds on the southern tip of the Dead Sea.
Salt mounds, Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia.
Modern rock salt mine near Mount Morris, New York, USA.
The evaporation lagoons, Aigues-Mortes, France.
The solubility of NaCl in various solvents
(G NaCl / 100 g solvent at 25 ° C)
H2O
36
Liquid ammonia
3.02
Methanol
1.4
Sulfolane
0.005
Formic acid
5.2
Acetone
0.000042
Formamide
9.4
Acetonitrile
0.0003
Dimethylformamide
0.04
Reference:
Burgess, J. metal ions in solution
(Ellis Horwood, New York, 1978)
ISBN 0-85312-027-7
Synthetic uses
Sodium chloride is also the raw material used to produce chlorine, which in turn is needed for sterilization and production of many materials modern, including PVC, pesticides, and epoxy resins. Industrially, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. Along with chlorine gas chloralkali process yields hydrogen and sodium hydroxide, according to the chemical equation
2NaCl + 2H2O + H2 + Cl2 2NaOH
Sodium metal is produced commercially through the electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride. This is now done Down in a cell in which sodium chloride mixture with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 C. As calcium is more electropositive than sodium, calcium will not be formed at the cathode. This method is less expensive than the previous method of electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.
sodium chloride used in other chemical processes for large-scale production of compounds containing sodium or chlorine. In the Solvay process, sodium chloride is used to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. In the process of Mannheim and Hargreaves process, is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.
Biological uses
Many microorganisms can not live in an overly salty environment: water is extracted from their cells by osmosis. For this reason, the salt used to preserve some foods, such as bacon or fish. Can also be used for detach leeches that have joined together to feed. It is also used to disinfect wounds.
Optical uses
Pure crystal of NaCl is a compound optical a transmission range of 200 nm to 20 um. It is often used in the infrared range and is still sometimes used.
NaCl crystal is soft, hygroscopic and cheap. This limits the application or protected environment for short term applications (prototypes). Outdoor exposure NaCl optics "putrefaction."
Today, more hard crystals in the ZnSe are used instead of NaCl (for the IR spectral range).
Optical data
Transmitivity: 92% (from 400 nm to 13 m)
Refractive Index: 1.494 @ 10m
Reflection Loss: 7.5% @ 10 m (two surfaces)
dN / dt: -36.2 x 10-6 / C@0.7m
Household uses
Since at least medieval times, people have used salt as a cleaner rubbed into household surfaces. It is also used in many shampoo brands, and popularly tickets to thaw and ice patches.
At a time when salt water used to clean teeth.
Firefighting uses
A Class D fire extinguisher fire for several metals
Sodium chloride is the main extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers (Met-LX, Super D) used in the combustible metal fires magnesium, potassium, sodium and NaK alloys (class D). thermoplastic powder is added to the mix, along with the sealing (metal stearates) and materials anti-caking agent (tricalcium phosphate) to form the extinguishing agent. When applied to the fire, the salt acts as a heat sink, dissipating heat from the fire, and is also except a crust of oxygen to smother the fire. The plastic additive is melted and crust helps to maintain its integrity until the metal is cooled below the burning temperature ignition. This type of extinguisher was invented in the late 1940s in the type of payload that is shown here, despite pressure storage versions are very popular. Common sizes are £ 30 and £ 350 laptops wheels.
Time
Clouds over the Pacific
Small particles sea salt condensation nuclei are the dominant cloud well out at sea, allowing the formation of clouds in the otherwise clean air. Snow with the addition salt (brine) is done to make travel easier and safer, and reduce long-term impact of heavy snowfall in human populations. This process is carried out both by households and by governments and institutions and salts used to remove snow from driveways and sidewalks.
Biological functions
In humans, a high salt intake has long been known to raise blood pressure in general, especially in certain individuals. More recently, it was shown to reduce nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting muscle contraction vascular smooth growth, platelet aggregation and adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium.
Crystal structure
The crystal structure of sodium chloride. Each ion has six nearest neighbors, with octahedral geometry.
Main article: Cubic crystal system
Sodium chloride forms crystals with face-centered cubic symmetry. In these, the largest chloride ions, shown at right as green spheres, are arranged in a cubic close packing while the smaller sodium ions, shown to the right as silver spheres, filling all gaps between them cubic. Each ion is surrounded by six ions otherwise, the surrounding ions are located at the vertices of a regular octahedron.
This same basic structure found in many other minerals and is commonly known as the crystal structure of halite or rock salt. It can be represented as a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice with one atom of two bases. The first atom is at each point of the network, and the second atom is midway between network points throughout the FCC unit cell edge.
Held together by an ionic bond which is produced by electrostatic forces arising from the difference in charge between the ions.
Ruta de la Sal
While salt was scarce, one time in history, industrial production has made salt plentiful. Approximately 51% of world production is now used by cold countries to roads ice in winter, both in grain bins and spread by winter service vehicles. Calcium chloride is preferred over sodium chloride as it releases CaCl2 power to form a solution with water, heating the ice or snow is in contact with. It also lowers the freezing point, depending on the concentration. NaCl does not release heat to the solution, however, does lower the freezing point. Calcium chloride is thought to be more environmentally friendly than chloride sodium when used for ice roads, however, a disadvantage is that it tends to promote corrosion (vehicle) rather than sodium chloride. NaCl is also more readily available and does not have any special handling or storage requirements, as opposed calcium chloride. Salinity (S) of water is measured as salt in grams per kilogram (1000 g) of water and freezing temperatures are as follows.
S (g / kg)
0
10
20
24.7
30
35
T (freezing) (C)
0
-0.5
-1.08
-1.33
-1.63
-1.91
Additives
Most of the salt table sold for consumption today is not pure sodium chloride. In 1911 magnesium carbonate was added to the first salt to make it flow more freely. In 1924, small amounts of iodine in the form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide or potassium iodate were added first, to reduce the incidence of simple goiter.
Salt to eliminate Snow in the UK largely comes from a single mine in Winsford in Cheshire []. Prior to the distribution has an added anti-caking agent, sodium hexacyanoferrate (II) less than 100 ppm, this treatment allows the rock salt to flow freely out of the vehicles tightening despite being stored prior to use. In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt.
Environmental Impact
road salt ends up in bodies of fresh water and could could harm aquatic plants and animals by disrupting their ability to osmoregulation. An alternative is to spread the sand to rough ice surface is not slippery.
Names alternative
NaCl, Sodium monochloride
Table salt, or Culinaris Sal Sal Culinare
Common salt, salt Commune
Sodium chloride, sodium chloride, Chloride Sodium, Soda hydrochloride (old names)
Sodii Chloridum, Hydro-chlor Soda, Soda Murias (old names)
Nat Mur, Natrum Muriaticum, Natrum mur, or even Natrium Chloride (homeopathic / sales cell biochemistry)
See also
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module
Salt
Biosalinity
Kala Namak
Halite, the mineral form of sodium chloride
Schler list of 12 cell salts biochemical (name: "Nat Mur "for" "Nat mur, etc.), homeopathic preparations List
Salinity
Salt
Soap
Salting the earth
References
^ Martel, B., Cassidy, K. (2004), Chemical Risk Analysis: A Practical Handbook, Butterwortheinemann, p. 369, ISBN 1903996651
^ Susan R. Feldman. Sodium chloride. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online, 2005 doi: 10.1002/0471238961.1915040902051820.a01.pub2
^ BJ Mason (12/19/2006). "The role of sea salt particles as cloud condensation nuclei over the remote oceans." The Journal quarterly by the Royal Meteorological Society 127 (576): 20,232,032. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114028130/abstract. On 08/07/2009 consulted.
David A. Kuemmel ^ (1994). Management of snow and ice control operations. Transportation Research Board. p. 10. ISBN 9780309056663. http://books.google.com/books?id=I3gxuwTE5_MC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=effect+of+snowfall+on+infrastructure&source=bl&ots=kmDWQqfCno&sig=yMOXi2gv5_LJf_o3qNA36e0FSO8&hl=en&ei=nKxUSt-pAY7ElAeIoZXkCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1. On 08/07/2009 consulted.
^ Relationship between salt intake, nitric oxide and asymmetric dimethylarginine and its relevance to patients with end-stage
^ Dietary sodium and cardiovascular and renal disease risk factors: black horse or phantom entry?
^ "Morton Salt FAQ." http://www.mortonsalt.com/faqs/index.html # Q3. Retrieved 05/12/2007.
^ H Markel (1987). "When rains, it pours": endemic goiter, iodized salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD. "American Journal Public Health 77 (2): 21 929. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219. PMID 3541654. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1646845.
^ Does salt way harm the environment?
^ National Institute of Standards and Technology: Sodium Chloride
Further reading
Kaufmann Dale W., sodium chloride, production and properties of salt and brine, ACS monograph 145 of the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1960, 743 pages. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-50778.
Kurlansky, Mark Salt, a world history, Walker and Company, New York, 2002, 484 pages. ISBN 0-8027-1373-4
External Links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to sodium chloride
The Salt Manufacturers Association Website
Salt Institute website
Salt Website Archive
Sal United States Geological Survey Statistics and Information
U.S. Website Road Management
Salt intake in climate cold
Oxford MSDS
JT Baker MSDS
EV
Sodium compounds
NaAlO2 NaBH3 (NC) NaBH4 NaBr NaBrO4 CH3COONa NaC6H5CO2 NaC6H4 NaCN (OH) CO2 NaCl NaClO NaH NaClO4 NaClO3 NaClO2 NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO3 NaHSO4 Nal NaIO3 NaIO4 NaMnO4 NaNH2 NaN3 NaOH NaNO3 NaNO2 NaO2 NaPO2H2 NaReO4 NaSH NaSCN NaTcO4 NaVO3 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2MnO4 Na2MoO4 Na2O2 Na2O Na2O (UO3) 2 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O5 Na2S2O6 Na2S2O7 Na2S2O8 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2SiO3 Na2Te Na2TeO3 Na2Ti3O7 Na2U2O7 NaWO4 Na2Zn (OH) 4 Na3P Na3N Na3VO4 Na4Fe (NC) 6 Na5P3O10
Categories: Granular materials | preservatives | Antiseptics | Snow Removal | Sodium compounds | Chlorides | World Health Organization essential medicinesHidden categories: Chemboxes containing changes to the fields seen

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